How the 1st DSM, published in 1952, was conceived:
1 of the reasons was to count
people. The 1st collections of diagnoses were called the
'statistical manual,' not the 'diagnostic & statistical manual.'
There were also parochial
reasons. As the rest of medicine became oriented toward diagnosing
illnesses by seeking their causes in biochemistry, in the late
19th, early 20th century, the claim to authority of any medical
specialty hinged on its ability to diagnose suffering. To say
'okay, your sore throat & fever are strep throat.' But psychiatry
was unable to do that & was in danger of being discredited. As early
as 1886, prominent psychiatrists worried that they would be left
behind, or written out of the medical kingdom. For reasons not
entirely clear, the government turned to the American
Medico-Psychological Association, (later the American Psychiatric
Association, or APA), to tell them how many mentally ill people were
out there. The APA used it as an opportunity to establish its
credibility. The difference between disease & disorder is an attempt
on the part of psychiatry to evade the problem they're presented
with. Disease is a kind of suffering that's caused by a bio-chemical
pathology. Something that can be discovered and targeted with magic
bullets. But in many cases our suffering can't be diagnosed that
way. Psychiatry was in a crisis in the 1970s over questions like
'what is a mental illness?' & 'what mental illnesses exist?' 1 of
the 1st things they did was try to finesse the problem that no
mental illness met that definition of a disease. They had yet to
identify what the pathogen was, what the disease process consisted
of, &
how to cure it. So they created a category called "disorder." It's a
rhetorical device. It's saying 'it's sort of like a disease,' but
not calling
it a disease because all the other doctors will jump down their
throats asking, 'where's your blood test?' The reason there haven't
been any sensible findings tying genetics or any kind of molecular
biology to DSM categories is not only that our instruments are
crude, but also that the DSM categories aren't real. It's like using
a map of the moon to find your way around Russia.
Would
you say that these terms: disorder,
disease, illness, just different names for
the same concept? I would. Psychiatrists wouldn't. Well,
psychiatrists would say it sometimes but wouldn't say it
other times. They will say it when it comes to claiming
that they belong squarely in the field of medicine. But
if you press them & ask if these disorders exist in the
same way that cancer & diabetes exist, they'll say no.
It's not that there are no biological correlates to any
mental suffering. Of course there are. But the
specificity & sensitivity that we require to distinguish
pneumonia from lung cancer, even that kind of
distinction, just doesn't
exist.
What are the most common misconceptions about the scientific
nature of diseases, such as depression? I guarantee you that in the course of our
conversation a doctor is telling a patient, 'you have a
chemical imbalance; that's why you're depressed. Take
Prozac.' Despite the fact that every doctor who knows
anything knows that there is no biochemical imbalance that
causes depression. Most doctors understand that a
diagnosis of depression doesn't really tell you anything
other than what you already knew, that doesn't stop them
from saying it.Research on the brain is still in its infancy. Will we
ever know enough about the
brain to prove that certain psychiatric diagnoses have a
direct biological cause?
I'd be willing to bet
everything that whenever it happens, whatever we
find out about the brain & mental suffering is not
going to map, at all, onto the DSM categories.
Let's
say we can elucidate the entire structure of a given
kind of mental suffering.
We're not going to be able to say, "here's Major
Depressive Disorder, & here's what it looks like
in the brain." If there's any success, it will
involve a whole remapping of the terrain of
mental disorders. Psychiatry may very
likely take very small findings & trump them up into
something they aren't. But the most honest
outcome would be to go back to the old days & just look at symptoms.
They might get good at
elucidating the circuitry of fear or anxiety or
these kinds of things.
What is the difference between a disorder &
distress that is a normal occurrence? That distinction is made by a clinician,
whether it's a family doctor or a psychiatrist or
whoever. But nobody knows exactly how to make that
determination. There are no established thresholds.
Even if you could imagine how that would work, it
would have to be a subjective analysis of the extent
to which the person's functioning is impaired. How
are you going to measure that? Doctors are supposed
to measure 'clinical significance.' What's that? For
many people, the fact that someone shows up in their
office is clinical significance. I'm not going to
say that's wrong, but it's not scientific.
There's a
conflict
of interest, if I don't determine clinical
significance, I don't get paid.
You say 1
of the issues with taking these categories too
seriously
is that it eliminates the moral aspect behind
certain behaviors.
t's
our characteristic way of chalking up what we
think is 'evil' to what we think of as mental
disease.
Our gut reaction is always: 'That was really sick. Those guys in Boston;
they were really sick.' But how do we know?
Unless you decide in advance that anybody
who does anything heinous is sick. This
society is very wary of using the (moral)
term: 'evil.' But I firmly believe there is
such a thing as evil. It's circular;
thinking that anybody who commits suicide
is depressed. Anybody who goes into a school
with a loaded gun & shoots (murders/kills)
people must have a mental illness. There's a
certain kind of comfort in that, but there's
no indication for it, particularly because
we don't know what mental illness is.
How do diagnoses affect people? One of the overlooked ways is that
diagnoses can change people's lives for the
better. Asperger's Syndrome is
probably the most successful psychiatric
disorder ever in this respect. It created a
community. It gave people whose primary
symptom was isolation
a way to belong & provided resources to
those who were diagnosed. It can also have
bad effects. A depression diagnosis
gives people an identity formed around
having a disease that we know doesn't
exist & how that can divert resources
from where they might be needed. Imagine how
much less depression there would be if
people weren't worried about tuition, health
care, & retirement. Those are all
things that aren't provided by Prozac.
What are the dangers of
over-diagnosing a population?
Are false positives worse than false
negatives? I believe that false
positives, people who are diagnosed
because there's a diagnosis for them.
They show up in a doctor's
office, is a much bigger problem. It
(false positives) changes people's
identities, it encourages the use of
drugs whose side effects &
long-term effects are unknown &
main effects are poorly understood.
In 1850, doctor
Samuel Cartwright invented 'drapeto-mania,'a disease causing
slaves to run away.
How do social and historical
context affect our
understanding of mental
illness? Cartwright was a
slaveholder's doctor from
New Orleans. He believed in
the inferiority
of what he called the
'African races.' He believed
that abolitionism was
based on a misguided
notion that black people
& white
people were essentially
equal. He thought that the
desire for freedom in a
black person was
pathological because black
people were born to be
enslaved. To aspire to
freedom was a betrayal of
their nature, a disease.
He invented 'drapeto-mania,'
the impulse to run away from
slavery.
Assuming there wasn't
horrible cruelty being
inflicted on the slaves,
they were 'sick.'
He came up with a
few diagnostic
criteria &
presented it to his
colleagues.
So we corrected our notion
of what counts as a
'disease.'
Is there a modern
equivalent? Homosexuality
is the most obvious example.
Until 1973, it was listed
as a disease.
It's very easy to see what's
wrong with 'drapeto-mania,'
but it's easier to see the
balancing act involved in
saying homosexuality is or
isn't a disease, how
something has to shift in
society. The people who
called homosexuality a
disease weren't necessarily
bigots or homophobes; they
were just trying to
understand people who wanted
to love people of their own
sex. Disease is a way to
understand difference; that
includes compassion. What
has to shift is the
(unbiblical) idea that
same-sex love is acceptable.
Once that idea is there, it
doesn't make sense to call
homosexuality a disease.
Who was involved in the
creation of the DSM-5?
The American
Psychiatric
Association owns the
DSM. They aren't
only responsible for
it: they own, sell & license it.
The DSM is created by a
group of committees. It's a
bureaucratic process. In
place of scientific
findings, the DSM uses
expert consensus to
determine what
mental disorders
exist & how you can
recognize them.
Disorders come into
the book the same
way a law becomes
part of the book of
statutes. People
suggest, discuss & vote-on it.
Homosexuality was
deleted
from the DSM by a
referendum.
A straight up vote: yes or
no. It's not always that
explicit; votes are not
public.
In the case of the
DSM-5, committee members
were forbidden to talk about
it, so we'll never really
know what the deliberations
were. They all signed
non-disclosure agreements.
What are the important
changes made in the new DSM;
how will they affect
patients? It's going to cause
a lot of trouble when
Asperger's Syndrome
disappears. It may cause
some trouble when the
bereavement exclusion
disappears. That's a good
example of why the APA's
going to be in trouble.
It was so
unnecessary, so
stupid. They've made
the absurd statement
that they know the
difference, 2 weeks
after someone's wife
dies, whether that
person is
'depressed,' or just
'in mourning.' Come
on. Who are these
guys? The APA released a
series of drafts of
the DSM-5 before
publication. Why?
They solicited
public input, to
their great
credit. But they
never said what
they were doing
with it. They
said, 'We got
this number of
responses,' but
not what the
responses were.
How they
influenced the
process, if at
all. The other
problem with the
drafts is that
they deleted
them. The
history of how
these things
developed will
be difficult to
trace unless you
happened to make
copies of the
website, which
was in explicit
violation of the
APA's copyright.
They also tried
to prevent
people from
using draft
criteria in any
kind of academic
paper, an
unprecedented
move. They
demanded that
anybody who
wanted to use
the criteria
would have to
seek & obtain
their permission for
academic
publication.
Nobody's ever done
that. There were a
couple of high
profile,
embarrassing studies
that were conducted
with the draft
criteria. Once
that happened, the
APA asserted
copyright over the
draft criteria.
The
APA
considers
the DSM-5 a
'living
document.'
What do you
think they
mean?
It's one of
those
rhetorical
flourishes
that...is a
real
problem.
There's a
difference
between a
constitution
& a book of
medical
diagnoses.
It's not
entirely
clear what
they mean by
'living
document,'
but it
appears that
they want to
update, as
evidence
comes in.
That's not a
bad idea;
they don't
want to go
through 1 of
these
massive,
expensive,
embarrassing
overhauls of
the
diagnostic
manual every
5, 10, or 15
years, they
want to
update as
they go.
In the
meantime,
people are
getting
diagnosed,
drugs are
getting
developed &
prescribed,
research is
being done.
Nobody
knows to
what extent
things will
get revised
as time goes
on. The APA
is trying to
say it's
always in
flux.
But if
that's the
case, why
should we
let it have
so much
power?What does
the DSM have
power over? To
get an
indication
from the
FDA, a
drug company
has to tie
its drug to
a DSM
disorder.
You can't
just develop
a drug for
anxiety. You
have to
develop the
drug for
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder or
Major
Depressive
Disorder.
You can't
just ask for
special
services for
a student
who is
awkward. You
have to get
special
services for
a student
with autism.
In court
(the)
mental
illnesses
(diagnosis)
comes from
the DSM.
If you want
insurance
to pay
for your
therapy, you
have to be
diagnosed
with a
mental
illness.
Whatever
future
contact you
have with
the health
care system
will be
affected by
the
fact that a
mental
illness is
in your
dossier. If
you call it
a living
document,
what
happens to
all the
people who
are
diagnosed
with
Asperger's
when that's
thrown out?
Al
Frances
chaired
the task
force
for the
DSM-IV &
has
become 1 of the
biggest
critics of
the DSM-5.
What do you
think of his
arguments?
We
agree
that the
DSM does
not
capture
real
illnesses,
that
it's a
set of
constructs.
We
disagree
over
what
that
means.
He
believes
that
that
doesn't
matter
to the
overall
enterprise
of
psychiatry
& its
authority
to
diagnose
&
treat our
mental
illnesses.
I believe it
constitutes
a flaw at
the
foundation
of
psychiatry.
If they
don't have
real
diseases,
they don't
belong in
real
medicine. Al's attack
is overdone.
I think he's
really
trying to
keep
scrutiny off
of the whole
DSM
enterprise.
That's why
he's been so
adamant that
you don't
throw the
baby out
with the
bathwater.
He believes
that the
DSM-IV,
for
all of its
flaws, its
still
worthwhile.
I disagree.
Frances
also
worries
that
your
criticisms
are
anti-psychiatry.
It's
the
universal
paranoia
of
psychiatry
that
everybody
who
disagrees
with
them
is
pathological.
You
can't
disagree
with
a
psychiatrist
without
getting
a
diagnosis.
I've
been
writing
critically
about
psychiatry
for
10
years.
I've
always
encountered
that.
Psychiatry
is a
defensive
profession.
They
have
a
lot
to
protect.
They
know
their
weakness.
To
repel
criticism
in
the
strongest
way
possible,
from
their
point
of
view;
you
diagnose
the
critic.
How
does
the
DSM
relate
to
both
psychiatry
and
psychology
fields?
Psychiatry's
in
charge
of
the
DSM.
Psychologists
&
other
mental
health
professionals
use
the
DSM,
but
psychiatrists
have
the
power
&
money.
I'm
critical
of
the
mental
health
professions
in
general,
including
my
own
practice,
but
the
APA
has
appropriated
this
business
to
themselves.
They
guard
it
jealousy,
they
protect
it
with
ruthless
tactics,
&
yes,
they
take
a
disproportionate
amount
of
the
heat
for
this
thing;
but
it's
their
baby.
They
make
hundreds
of
millions
of
dollars
off
of
this
deal.
Will
the
APA
lose
credibility?
Of
course
it
will.
The
DSM-5
will
come
out
on
May
22 &
people
will
take
their
pot
shots
at
it,
like
shooting
fish
in a
barrel.
I
had
to
be
convinced
to
write
this
book,
though.
How
hard
is
it
to
criticize
an
organization
that
seriously
thinks
that
it's
okay
to
call
'Internet
Use
Disorder'
a
mental
illness?
They're
going
to
take
shot
after
shot. The
response
will
be
ineffectual
and
weak.
They'll
bob,
weave,
talk
about
the
'living
document,'
&
unleash
their
line
of
bull.
Is
there
a
solution?
The
solution
is
to
take
the
thing
away
from
them.
The
APA
owns
these
diagnoses.
I
didn't
ask
permission
because
I
don't
care;
let
them
sue
me.
But
if
anyone
wants
to
put
diagnostic
criteria
into
this
book,
they
have
to
pay
the
APA.
That's
absurd.
If
you
add
the
vacuousness
of
the
document
&
incompetence
with
which
the
revision
was
carried
out;
take
the
(flawed)
thing
away
from
them.
(5/2/2013
Edited
by
Hope
Reese.)
Read
chapter
1
online. https://www.amazon.com/The-Book-Woe-Unmaking-Psychiatry/dp/0399158537#reader_0399158537
https://reformedbiblicalcoaching.wordpress.com/2010/11/27/s-t-e-p-u-p-to-christ-centered-biblical-counseling-services/
2011 post - Bufford,
Rodger K.,
Addressing religious/spiritual
concerns in psychotherapy
especially recommending a new
DSM for spiritual issues & in
particular regarding
schizophrenia. 1st
impression is that editorial is
mostly addressing fundamentalist
Christian counselors rather than
Charismatic Catholics, who do
condone exorcism + the baptism & operation of the
Holy Spirit beginning with
confirmation sacrament.
Footnote #17. Counseling &
the Demonic
Rodger
K. Bufford – 1988 – full text
@
https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=counselingandthedemonic Cited in Chapters:
7. Demon
Possession 8.
Demonic Influence & Mental Disorders
9. Assessment & Diagnosis of
Demonic Influence @
https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1000&context=counselingandthedemonic @
https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=counselingandthedemonic COUNSELING & THE DEMONIC
functioning, referral to other
helpers, counseling strategies
& use of spiritual
resources.
SPIRITUAL PREPARATIONS
Spiritual preparations have been
addressed previously. It is
important for the counselor to
approach the interventions
presented in this chapter with
those same spiritual
preparations. 1.
We
must acknowledge that people
actually may come under demonic
influence or control. 2.
We
must know the most common
historical & behavioral
indicators of possible demonic
influence. 3.
We
must be aware that any form of
false worship, or any habitual
pattern of sinful conduct, makes
1 potentially liable to
demonic influence. 4.
It is
imperative to ensure the full,
voluntary cooperation of the
person involved unless he or she
is so incapacitated as to be
unable to choose to cooperate.
To do less is to go beyond what
even God would do (Informed consent is
also a basic
principle of professional
ethics).1 In these ways we may
more readily & promptly
recognize demonic influence when
it is present. 5.
The counselor must be
spiritually prepared for
confronting demonic influence.
The Christian counselor-indeed
anyone who encounters the
demonic-is foolish to proceed
without it. Such preparation
includes a personal relationship
with God; confession &
repentance of all known personal
sin; & a basic understanding of
scriptural principles regarding
sin, Satan & the demonic, as
well as the principles &
practice of godly living (see
chapter 10). Specifically, as
counselors we must submit
ourselves to God &
be fi lled with the Holy Spirit,
equip ourselves with the
resources God provides in the
"armor of God," &
personally
resist Satan in our own lives.
This requires practicing the
basic spiritual disciplines of
confession, prayer, worship,
fellowship, Bible study,
memorization, meditation &
spiritual service. This is
important for the protection of
the counselor as well as the
person receiving counsel.
Counseling Approaches METHODS
AND GOALS OF COUNSELING
Beyond the preparations for
counseling, there are 2 other
major areas of concern in the
counseling relationship. The
1st has to do with the means
employed, the 2nd
with the goals of counseling.
The legitimacy of both means and
goals must be evaluated
according to biblical teachings.
Methods We often hear the
expression ''I'd give anything
to"... Such an approach to life
is inconsistent with God-given
standards, and opens the person
to potential demonic influence.
In effect, this approach makes
the goal, whatever it is, more
important than submission to
God. It is, therefore, a form of
idolatry, & consequently is not the path
to freedom from demonic
influence. An example of an
unacceptable method is seeking
to help an individual overcome
homosexual practices through
overt heterosexual activities
outside of marriage. The goal of
overcoming homosexual activity
is good, but the means of
accomplishing it transgresses
biblical standards & thus cannot
be condoned. Another example of
unacceptable methods is to
encourage counselees to begin to
deal with suppressed hostility &
rage by imagining they are
hitting, kicking, or otherwise
harming the individual with whom
they are angry. Learning to deal
with anger constructively means
learning when and how to express
it. But to imagine doing so in
destructive ways is inconsistent
with biblical teachings,
particularly when we consider
that what we think often leads
to corresponding actions (see
Proverbs 23:7, Matthew
12:33-37). The goal is good, but
the method may make the person
vulnerable to demonic influence.
Goals
- We are equally
concerned with the goals of
counseling. They must also be
consistent with biblical
teachings. 1
additional concern is that even
those goals that seem
superficially legitimate may be
unacceptable if they are not
held in proper priority. Jack's
desire to maintain his marriage
is a God-honoring goal, but it
becomes unacceptable when Jack
uses threats, harassment,
intimidation & physical abuse
to keep his wife in the
relationship. Superficially, it
may seem that Jack's problem is
the means he uses to keep his
wife involved with him. However,
the goal of keeping the marriage
together at any cost has become
more important to Jack than his
submission & obedience to God.
In effect, Jack's wife has
become his god. Another example
of a problematic goal is seeking
to free an individual of guilt
regarding sexual promiscuity
while that person continues
practicing such behavior.
Freedom from guilt is a
legitimate goal, but not for the
individual who continues
transgressing God-given
standards of conduct. In such
instances, guilt is a God-given
warning signal that danger lies
ahead. In many instances the
methods & goals in question are
not so easily evaluated. Thus, a
good working knowledge of
Scripture is of great value for
every counselor, particularly a
counselor dealing with the
demonically influenced. Since,
as we have seen, the number of
persons demonically influenced
is far greater than most of us
have supposed, this is a concern
for virtually every counselor.
The significance of recognizing
subtle sins cannot be
overestimated. Because any
habitual sinful pattern provides
an avenue for potential demonic
influence, we must be concerned
especially about those sins
that seem to be socially
acceptable. Many of these, in
devious ways, involve "false
gods." False gods are anything
that is more important to a
person than his or her
relationship and commitment to
the living God. These idols may
be such diverse things as the
car the person drives, the house
in which he or she lives, or
personal appearance, clothes,
athletic success, academic
achievement, or business
success. Sadly, most of us-often
secretly, or even overtly-admire
people who are obsessed with
false gods. In this way, we show
that we tend to agree with them
about the importance of the
goals & objects they have
chosen. The heart is truly
deceitful & desperately wicked;
only God can know it fully (Jer.
17:9-10). To be able to
recognize some of these more
subtle forms of false worship we
need to seek God's wisdom
diligently & consistently. 182
Counseling Approaches People
under various degrees of demonic
influence, or even those with
worldviews different from the
Christian worldview, may come to
us for help with more limited
goals, or quite different goals
from what we as Christians might
wish. For example, they may not
wish to become Christian. Also,
they may choose to continue
living in a way that we perceive
as harmful or sinful. A couple
may be living together without
the benefit of marriage. In
such instances it is essential
to respect the wishes of the
person or persons seeking
counseling. While it is
appropriate to encourage such a
couple to consider changing
their goals, ultimately the
counselor must accept the goal
of the counselee, or decline to
offer counsel.
ASSESSING THE PROBLEM
- 1 of the most important
initial concerns of counseling
is the careful assessment of the
counselee's current condition.
This involves 2 elements: examining for evidence that
demonic influence is present &
seeing what other conditions
might also be involved.
These conditions could account
for disturbance in mood, thought
or behavior; they may also
complicate the primary problem.
In any event, they must be
identified & dealt with in an
appropriate fashion if the
person is to become whole.
Neglecting to deal with all of
them may doom the counselor's
efforts to free the person from
demonic influence, or may result
in a subsequent recurrence of
the problem. EG: depression may
result from a number of factors:
grief over the loss of a loved
one, losing one's job or health,
financial reverses, or a variety
of other factors; disorders
ofblood electrolyte levels,
perhaps due to illness or the
side effects of medication;
substance abuse; a brain tumor
(benign or cancerous);
psychological stresses, such as
interpersonal conflict; or
chronic fatigue. What could be
more discouraging or
irresponsible than to provide
extended counseling for
depression while an untreated
medical condition progresses to
the danger point? Similarly, it
is both futile & potentially
harmful to attempt to expel
demons from a person who is
suffering from a mental
disorder. Given the high degree
of similarity in the symptoms of
mental disorders & demonic
influence noted earlier,
considerable care must be given
to exploring and evaluating the
problem before commencing
treatment. Medical Evaluation
While depression is not
generally believed to be an
indication of demonic influence,
many other conditions which have
physical roots may be confused
with it. Broadly speaking, these
include all of the organic
psychotic conditions described
previously. Among the physical
factors that could account for
such disturbances are head
injuries, diseases affecting
mental functioning (such as a
stroke, tumors, Alzheimer's
disease, and dementia), the
effects of drug toxicity or drug
withdrawal (whether legal or
illegal), & exposure to
environmental toxins. Referral
for appropriate medical
evaluation is essential. It is
important that the physician be
informed that the patient is
receiving counseling & also be
told of the nature of the
problems he or she is
experiencing. When demonic
influence is suspected it may be
especially helpful to refer the
person to a Christian physician,
or at least to one who is
sympathetic with such concerns.
In this manner the patient can
acknowledge his or her spiritual
concerns & receive needed
medical evaluation and care
without being scorned for
personal religious beliefs.
Psychological Evaluation Besides
the fact that their symptoms are
similar, physical disorders,
mental disorders, and demonic
influence may all be present in
a counselee since the presence
of any 1 of the 3 results in
greater susceptibility to the
others. For this reason,
psychological evaluation is
needed to discover whether the
symptoms may be partly or
completely the result of
psychological factors. In such
an evaluation, the person will
be examined for evidence of
psychotic conditions in
particular, since these may
produce symptoms similar to
demonic influence. The person
will be examined for symptoms of
other mental disorders as well.
Psychological testing should
also be conducted to assess the
person's general psychological &
intellectual/ cognitive
functioning. 1 dimension of
psychological evaluation
involves assessing the degree to
which the person may be
exaggerating or even faking the
problem behaviors. Often, a
person will pretend to have
mental disorders in order to
gain various personal or social
benefits accorded those presumed
to be mentally ill, such as
hospitalization or freedom from
work & other responsibilities.
Other factors that may be
included in psychological
evaluation are current
intellectual functioning,
learning disabilities,
neuropsychological functioning,
& such aspects of
interpersonal behavior as
aggressiveness & ability to
relate positively with people.
In seeking a psychological
evaluation, it is again
important to find psychologists
who are Christian, or who are at
least open-minded about
spiritual problems, especially
demonic influence. Developing
good referral sources is
difficult, but essential.
Spiritual Evaluation Even when
physical or psychological
disorders have been clearly
identified, this does not rule
out the possibility of
spiritual problems, including
demonic influence. Thus, in any
instance where demonic
influence is a consideration,
counselors who are not
themselves expert in dealing
with spiritual issues,
especially those having no
experience with demonic
influence, will wisely refer the
counselee to appropriate
spiritual counselors, or
involve such individuals in the
counseling process. Both Allison
& Dickason provide examples of
taking this course of action. 2
Social and Emotional Evaluation
An evaluation of the person's
social and emotional
circumstances is essential in
understanding his or her current
functioning. Often this is
referred to as a "psychosocial
evaluation." Included in such an
evaluation, in addition to a
history of the current problems,
is a description of the person's
present living situation, family
membership and family history,
physical & emotional health,
finances, intellectual
functioning, employment &
education. Special attention is
given to any recent changes in
any of these areas. Personal
History Personal history is
generally included in the
evaluation of social and
emotional circumstances, but
additional factors not
ordinarily covered in such an
evaluation may be essential to
discern the presence or absence
of demonic influence.
Particularly important is
historical evaluation for those
factors commonly associated with
demonic influence, discussed in
chapter 8. Additional elements
of personal history to be
examined include recent losses
of any kind, whether death,
divorce, custody changes,
moving, being fired or laid off,
retirement, broken dreams,
disappointment, or financial
changes. Even "positive"
changes, such as winning the
lottery, may have adverse
emotional effects. Other
personal-history factors include
such things as experiencing
physical or sexual abuse,
participating in or being
exposed to alcohol or drug
abuse, parental absence, &
social stigmatization. Often,
questions like: "What is the
worst thing that ever happened
to you?" & "What is your
earliest memory?" prove very
helpful in this regard. Drug &
Alcohol Evaluation A
large number of mental disorders
may result from or be worsened
by the abuse of a variety of
substances such as alcohol &
prescription or street drugs.
Some of the symptoms of
substance abuse are similar to
those of demonic influence.
Thus, it is important to
comprehensively evaluate the
degree to which use of
substances affects the person.
COUNSELING APPROACHES In
general, the approaches to be
taken with persons who have come
under demonic influence are the
same as those for people who do
not manifest such difficulties.
As we have seen, the entrance
of sin into our world has
profound implications for the
entire created order. 1st, the whole of
Creation, including each person,
is tainted with the effects of
sin. 2nd, each
person is naturally "bent"
toward evil. 3rd,
the earth is the domain of
Satan & his demons, thus the
potential for people to come
under demonic influence is
always present. Fourth, we have
noted that Satan is a crafty
being who chooses those
approaches that are most
effective in accomplishing his
ends. In the contemporary
Western world, with its strong
materialistic reductionism, it
is not surprising that Satan
chooses to work within this
worldview rather than to appear
in an overtly spiritual
(immaterial) fashion. Finally,
we have seen that physical
diseases, mental disorders &
demonic influence are all the
result of this process of sin in
the world & satanic activity;
all are instigated by Satan, yet
all serve God's sovereign
purposes and are under divine
control. Because of the many
fundamental similarities between
mental disorders & demonic
influence, treatment of these
diverse problems often may be
approached in similar ways.
The commonly accepted approaches
to counseling are generally
helpful to persons experiencing
demonic influence in its more
blatant as well as its subtle
forms. The 1 important exception
is when demonic influence is so
complete that the individual
lacks the capacity to choose
freedom from demonic control. In
these instances, however rare,
delivering the person from
demonic control is a necessary
precursor to counseling. Only
then is he or she able to choose
continued freedom from demonic
control. However, it must be
acknowledged that this person
may choose to allow, or even to
seek, demonic powers & control
once more. 1 additional
precaution is suggested here.
Since deliverance and
exorcism are essentially
religious processes, it is
recommended that they be done
in a religious setting & by
religious counselors, such as
pastors & lay Christian
ministers. While involuntary
treatment for drug and alcohol
abuse is permitted by law under
certain conditions, the legality
of involuntary deliverance or
exorcism is likely to be
problematic; it is also likely
to violate ethical guidelines
for professional counselors such
as psychiatrists, psychologists,
social workers, + marriage &
family counselors. In many
respects, involuntary
deliverance or exorcism is
analogous to involuntarily
detoxification for alcohol or
drug abuse. Once the involuntary
restraints are removed, the
person may choose to continue in
the treatment & recovery
process, or may resume substance
use at the first opportunity.
Further, even though the person
makes the initial choice for
continued recovery, he or she
may waver & stumble repeatedly
before the new patterns of
recovery & sobriety become well
established. Experience shows
that recovered substance abusers
undergo an average of 3
detoxifications before they
reach the point of stable
abstinence. As more
information is gathered on the
process of deliverance from
demonic influence & possession
(oppression), similar patterns
may emerge. Satan's ways are
both devious & truly enslaving.
Considerable diligence &
persistence, and much help from
others, is required to become
free from them. A number of
specific counseling strategies
are of particular help to those
who have come under demonic
influence. These include
providing emotional support,
implementing behavioral change,
correcting errors of thought &
perception & confronting
patterns of self-deception &
denial. It may be helpful to
involve the person in both
individual & group counseling to
facilitate the needed changes.
Providing Emotional Support
"Beginnings are hard; all
beginnings are hard," says a
character in Chaim Potok's My
Name Is Asher Lev. Certainly
this is true of beginning the
radical life-change that is
essential to gaining freedom
from demonic influence. To
successfully undergo this
process, the individual must
have a great deal of
encouragement & emotional
support. Counseling is 1
important way in which emotional
support may be provided. The
person undergoing change needs
to be encouraged to experience
& express his or her emotions.
Bitterness, anger,
disappointment, discouragement,
& other unpleasant emotions (or
complex combinations of emotions
& thoughts) need to be
acknowledged, evaluated &
resolved. Experiences may need
to be examined & reinterpreted. Old hurts need to be forgiven &
put to rest. Encouragement must
be provided to initiate new
patterns of interaction with
others. In addition to
counseling on an individual
basis, the person also needs to
deal with emotional issues and
to receive support in a group
setting such as group counseling
may afford. In some instances,
this may be accomplished through
active involvement in a small
"shepherding" or fellowship
group in a local church. In such
groups, while Bible study is an
important part, the focus must
be broader, involving
fellowship, prayer, mutual
support & encouragement,
burden-bearing, shared meals,
working together on tasks of
spiritual service, & corporate
prayer. Jane Jane came
complaining of such profound
depression that she needed
antidepressant medication as
well as counseling. When I 1st
saw her she had been involved
for some time in an extramarital
affair. A Christian, she knew
that the affair was wrong; she
was experiencing considerable
guilt, yet she found her
marriage so unsatisfying that
she was reluctant to give up the
other man. Initially, counseling
provided most of Jane's
much-needed emotional support.
With my encouragement, she
gradually became more involved
in a few friendships which
provided acceptance, support & belonging.
As Jane & I
worked together we discovered
that she had a lot of resentment
toward her husband. Some of it
grew out of misunderstandings
and misinterpretations of his
interactions with her; these
needed correction. Other hurts
needed to be forgiven. As we
worked through these issues, we
also gave attention to a more
realistic appraisal of her
relationship with the other man.
Gradually, Jane decided to break
off her affair, though 3-4 times
she reinitiated contact. As her
depression and guilt lifted,
and as she began to understand &
accept herself as a person whom
God had made & whom God loved
just as she was, Jane gradually
developed the desire to deal
with problems in her
relationship with her husband.
At this point our emphasis
shifted toward developing new
patterns of behavior which would
be more productive in dealing
with him (see below).
Correcting Thought & Perception
Most of us carry with us some
degree of distortion in our
thoughts & perceptions. Though
many are able to live
productively despite such
distortions, distortions in
thought are disabling in some
instances. The modern approach
of cognitive behavior therapy
specializes in correcting
patterns of thinking &
perception that contribute to
guilt, depression, anxiety, & a
variety of other mental
problems. We find in Scripture
that 1 of the basic remedies for
errors in thinking is through
learning & meditating
on God's Word. Psalm 119
addresses this matter at length.
See also Jeremiah 17: 10 &
Romans 1:21-2:2.
COUNSELING AND THE DEMONICSometimes, thinking
disorders result from
conscious or unconscious
efforts at self-deception. Most
of the classic defense
mechanisms described in the
psychological literature are
forms of distorted
thinking &
perception. At times,
misperceptions & thinking errors
are the unwitting result of
exposure to the sinful patterns
of others. For example, the
person who grows up with
alcoholic parents is commonly
exposed to certain patterns of
behavior which result in
distorted thinking & behavior
patterns that often produce
mental disorders, adult
alcoholism, & perhaps demonic
influence.3
Jane's father was extremely
critical. When she failed to
measure up to his expectations,
no reason or explanation was
considered valid. His wrath &
punishment were certain, but
forgiveness seemed impossible.
As we worked together, Jane
discovered that she was unable
to believe that others, even
God, could forgive her. She in
turn found it difficult to
forgive those who offended her.
Gradually she was able to
discover that others did forgive
her, and she began to experience
God's forgiveness. She also was
able to begin to forgive those
who had offended her. Through
this process Jane gradually
changed her belief about being
unforgivable. Behavioral Change As a general
rule, 1 dimension of being under
demonic influence is the
presence of various sinful or
destructive patterns of
behavior. Typically, behaviors
involve a complex pattern, an
interplay among thoughts,
feelings, & behavior. For
instance, at Satan's urging, Eve
chose to eat the forbidden
fruit. She doubted God's word
that she would surely die
(thought), she desired to know
as God knew
(emotion/motivation), & she took
the fruit & ate it (behavior).
Behavior patterns that lead up
to demonic influence are
complex. T ypically, they involve
both the presence of sinful
behavior & the absence of
alternative godly conduct. The
problem with a thief is not only
that he or she takes things that
belong to others. It also
includes elements of greed,
ingratitude, &
selfishness-thoughts &
feelings-and the absence of
desirable behaviors such as
working to meet personal needs & giving to meet the needs of
others (see Ephesians
4:17-24
Counseling Approaches).
Behavioral psychologists such as
B. F. Skinner have shown
that problem behavior involves
both behavioral excesses &
deficiencies. For example, the
person who throws tantrums or is
aggressive also lacks
appropriate negotiating
&
cooperative behaviors.4
In Jane's case, the fact that
she was seeing another man was
an obvious behavior problem. As
I came to know her better, I
learned that part of what was
missing was the effective
communication of anger toward
her husband, followed by an
effective solving of problems
in their relationship. As we
worked together, she learned how
to communicate
disappointments & hurts
to her husband as well as how to
invite & encourage
him to share such experiences
with her. Often this process is
referred to as assertiveness
training.5
For Jane, the goal was to
develop intimacy with her
husband through the sharing of
thoughts & feelings, thus paving
the way for realistic problem
solving. Confronting
Self-Deception & Denial Jeremiah
tells us that "the heart is
deceitful above all things &
desperately wicked." Many other
Scriptures echo this theme.
Furthermore, the devil is the
father of lies. Thus, it should
come as no surprise that people
with mental disorders &
especially those with
problems of demonic influence
engage in self-deception &
denial. In most instances, the
denial & distortion in which
they engage is subtle; it is
rare that we fall for blatant
untruths; but tainted or twisted
truth may deceive us fairly
readily. The basic antidote
to deception is truth. There is
often no better way to deal with
such patterns than to begin with
the truth of Scripture. There
are many ways to do this, both
for Christians & for
unbelievers. Persons concerned
with demonic influence are
generally professing believers.
Thus, there is an implicit
commitment to an acceptance of
Scripture. At the same time, the
counselee may also be openly or
subtly rebellious against
Scripture. This attitude must
be addressed. Jane recognized
from the outset that her
involvement with the "other man"
was wrong. She vacillated
between being committed to him &
recognizing that he was
exploitive & dishonest with her
at times. 1 task was to help her
see both the good & the bad at the same
time, thus making it more
difficult for her to vacillate
in this relationship.
Eventually, this process helped
her with the decision to end the
relationship. A 2nd dimension of
dealing with Jane's problems was
to help her view her
relationship with her husband
accurately.
She tended to blame him for all
that was wrong & to discount
her role in their problems. As
we explored their relationship,
however, several problems
emerged. The 1st was
unforgiveness for
offenses he had made over the
years. We worked together on
learning to forgive and put away
past offenses. Jane also
discovered a vengeful attitude
toward her husband whenever he
disappointed her. She confessed
that she used to kick him while
he was asleep. Another time, she
discovered that she got back at
him for not spending time with
her by scheduling appointments
which she knew he would not want
to keep. She also recognized
that he was quite tired &
tended to be
more irritable under such
circumstances. As we explored
this together, she was able to
allow him free time for rest &
recreation, even if it meant
watching the TV. A 2nd dimension
of dealing with this pattern was
for her to learn to ask her
husband more directly for what
she wanted him to do, & to
express appreciation for his
cooperation. Initially, she
tended to become angry with him
if he in any way communicated
that he was not glad to do as
she requested. A third dimension
of dealing with this problem was
Jane's discovery that she did
not trust other people &
doubted they would like her.
Hence, she did not try to
develop friendships with other
women. Part of this grew out of
her relationship with her
mother. Group Counseling
Although much of what we have
discussed is best accomplished
in individual counseling, some
things a.re most. effectively
addressed in a group. 2 of these
are social-relationship issues,
& issues involving
self-deception & denial. Groups
can also have a powerful effect
in correcting errors in
perception & thinking. The
literature on alcohol &
substance abuse focuses on
pervasive lying as a common part
of the life patterns of abusers.
It is so common that the
following joke is considered a
truism: "How do you know an
alcoholic is lying? His lips are
moving." It is less clearly
documented, but it seems likely
that those involved in overt
demonic influence may also
practice subtle patterns of
dishonesty, especially with
themselves. Thus, group
counseling is an important
method of treatment for such
problems. Although Jane did not
choose to receive group
counseling, it is often helpful
for those with similar problems.
A large part of Jane's
difficulty was relational;
groups provide a helpful setting
for learning new ways of
relating. A major factor that
may lead people into demonic
influence is the desire for
personal significance. This
often grows out of an experience
of being a social misfit.
Further, extensive involvement
in demonic influence requires
personal passivity, & may in
other ways interfere with normal
social relationships. Thus,
deficiencies in social
relationships are likely to be
common. For all of these
reasons, group counseling is an
advisable part of the counseling
process. USE
OF SPIRITUAL RESOURCES As
already suggested, the person
seeking freedom from demonic
influence needs both counseling
& spiritual development. He or
she ought to be involved in
active worship, personal Bible
study, fellowship with other
believers, & active personal
service (ministry) of some sort
& should maintain a consistent
prayer life. Being personally
discipled or an active
participant in a small
fellowship or study group is
particularly important. This
fosters spiritual growth, & also
contributes to social &
emotional development. While a
balance of work, worship, rest,
and recreation must be achieved,
it is important that the
individual not have large
periods of free time available,
especially initially. The
saying, "idle hands are the
devil's workshop," is most true
of people who are seeking to
break free from old sinful
patterns involving demonic
influence. Being involved in
meaningful activities is 1 of
the most powerful antidotes to
coming once more.
COUNSELING AND THE DEMONIC under
satanic influence. The
biblical pattern is "put off
sinful ways...& put on
righteousness" (Eph. 4:13-31,
5:11-18). 6
The
value of this approach is
underscored by the biblical
alternatives: We are either
slaves to sin or servants to
righteousness.
SUMMARY
In counseling with those under
demonic influence,
several factors are important.
1st, the counselor must be
prepared spiritually, especially
if the spiritual dimensions of
the problems are to be met. 2nd,
it is important that the goals
of counseling, & methods of
achieving them, be scrutinized
to ensure they are consistent
with biblical principles. 3rd,
all the dimensions of the
problems need to be evaluated:
spiritual, medical,
psychological, social-emotional,
personal history, & drug &
alcohol abuse. Each problem area
discovered needs to be addressed
in treatment; many aspects of
this process will require
cooperation with or referral to
others. The ideal arrangement is
for all individuals involved to
work together in an effective
team. 4th, counseling in both
individual & group modes may be
required. Such counseling should
address a number of dimensions,
including the provision of
emotional support, correcting
distortions in thinking &
perception, fostering behavioral
changes, & dealing with
self-deception & denial. Finally, spiritual
resources need to be utilized to
support and aid the major
changes the individual must
undergo to effectively gain
freedom from demonic influence.
It
is
important to remember that
freedom is not gained by the
mere absence of evil spirits; it
comes only when the person is
effectively brought under the
power of God through personal
commitment, support &
encouragement of others.
CHAPTER 12 -
Summary and Conclusions D
Burgess, Dr Wes The Bipolar
Handbook - Real Life Questions with up to Date Answers www.wesburgess.yourmd.com
Caplan, psychologist Paula J
They Say You're Crazy - How the World's Most
Powerful Psychiatrists Decide Who's Normal - The Inside Story of the DSMwww.dacapopress.com
Christian Psychiatry by Frank Minirth &
Walter Byrd
www.amazon.com
Critical Half Summer 2--6 vol 4 #1 Issue
on 10/40 window Challenges and Interventions for Women Affected by
Conflict -
www.womenforwomen.org
Collier, Andrew RD Laing - The Philosophy & Politics of Psychotherapy
includes issues on schizophrenia -
Pantheon publisher - chapter 5Defining Sanity and Madness
DSM -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic_possession -
"Demonic possession is (currently) NOT recognized as a
psychiatric
or medical diagnosis by either the DSM-IV
or the ICD-10.
There are many psychological ailments commonly misunderstood as
demonic possession, particularly
dissociative identity disorder.
In cases of dissociative identity
disorder in which the
alter
personality is questioned as
to its identity, 29% are reported to identify
themselves as demons,[16]
but doctors see this as a mental disease called demonomania or demonopathy,
a
monomania in which
the patient believes that he or she is possessed by
one or more demons.[17]"
DSM -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession -
"The DSM-IV-TR, in describing the differences between spirit
possession and Dissociative Identity Disorder, identifies only the
claim that the extra personality is
an external spirit or entity, lacking
that, there would be NO difference between the 2 conditions.[18"]
-
http://www.voy.com/160690/4.html
DSM -
http://www.spiritualcompetency.com/dsm4/lesson3_10.asp
- "The oldest theories about the etiology of mental
disorders identifies spirit possession (demonization) as the causal agent.
1 of
the signs of Christ's divinity was his ability to cast out demons from
people who were possessed (oppressed)."
Abnormal
Psychology over Time -
shortcomings of
DSM -
The Myth of the Reliability of
DSM
- (DSM
psychiatric diagnostic manual is highly
subjective & influenced by
local/generational
ethics/morals/politicks; for
instance homosexuality used to
be classified as abnormal, but
today not so. Additionally in
recent times NO credence is
given to spiritual matters,
especially demons. One seeing/conversing with an invisible spirit is likely
to be labeled as psychotic.)
DSM#5 -
Gary Greenberg @
http://www.amazon.com/The-Book-Woe-Unmaking-Psychiatry/dp/0399158537#reader_0399158537
http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/the-nature-of-suffering-gary-greenberg-talks-about-the-book-of-woe/
-
"Psychotherapy, like psychiatric
medications, and like much of
medical treatment, works by the
placebo effect. That’s not what
makes me skeptical, however.
What makes me skeptical is the
way psychotherapy has become
medicalized. Therapy, or at
least psychoanalysis, climbed
into bed with medicine in the
late 1920s, purely for mercenary
reasons & the D.S.M.-5 is
only the latest offspring of
that affair. I like the fact
that I provide a placebo
treatment. “Placebo effect” is
just another way to say that the
cure is, at least in part, in
the relationship between the
healer & the
healed.
What psychotherapy does for
people is to provide them with a
relationship in which they can
feel cared for & challenged,
encouraged to tell the truth &
required to hear it, & which
allows them to understand their
suffering in the context of
their lives. This can be
pointless &
ineffective, but it can also be transformative."
Hicks, James W - 50 Signs of Mental Illness -
www.yalebooks.com
Conventional approach to psychiatry. Book has expansive/excellent
summary of conventional web sites.
Hoffer, Dr Abram Adventures in
Psychiatrywww.orthomed.org
- Nutrition & Mental Health
newsletter Autumn 2005 book
review - Hoffer, a psychiatrist
aged 88, is the father of
orthomolecular medicine, at
least for schizophrenia.
It is
he who pioneered the use of
vitamin B3
(preferably more tolerable
niacinamide) for psychiatric
disease & paranoia.
All his
patients, who were/are faithful
to his nutritional regimen,
were/are able to work, earn an
income & pay taxes.
He is also famed for his orthomolecular cancer
treatments, just for beginners.
Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Apr; 1(2): 35–38.
"The physician can probe for the psychosocial context by BATHEing
the patient.1
As a charting convention, the problem-oriented medical record
classifies progress notes
into subjective, objective,
assessment, & plan elements
(SOAP). Problems are listed
& notes are arranged in
SOAP fashion. In the larger
context, BATHEing your
patients as you SOAP them
will give the physician
useful information, take
only about a minute, screen
for emotional problems, & be therapeutic for the patient.
The BATHE technique is a
simple patient-centered
procedure that consists of a
series of 4 specific
questions about the
patient's background,
affect, troubles, & handling of the current situation, followed by an empathic response
(Table
1): The BATHE Procedure:
When you BATHE a patient, you are
performing a psychotherapeutic procedure. Psychotherapy means
using your words & relationship with patients as procedures to affect
patients' views of their reality. This therapy seeks to empower
patients to trust themselves & others, confirm their positive
feelings about themselves & enhance their ability to control the
circumstances of their lives.
The BATHE technique will also serve as a rough screening test for
anxiety, depression,
or situational stress disorders & should be routinely employed.
It
is an important technique to remember, because 25%-75% of
outpatient visits are triggered by these disorders.5
As a screening tool, the test is acceptable to patients, it catches
these conditions early & time costs are minimal.
The BATHE technique is a specific verbal procedure. To be used
effectively, it must be practiced. As with any procedure, some
health care providers may feel awkward at 1st, but will develop
confidence & a comfort level after doing a number of them
correctly. The technique can be used for a variety of purposes, as
shown in
Table 2: Reasons to Use the BATHE Technique:
SPECIFIC
INSTRUCTIONS - When
using the BATHE technique, try to say nothing except
for the specific BATHE questions. Discourage patients from
elaborating at length about the circumstances or details of their
situations. Instead, summarize briefly and ask the next question.
Do not interpret or analyze the patients' responses. Resist giving
advice.
When patients answer the affect question by giving more background
information, intervene quickly by repeating, “yes, but how do you
feel about that?” until you get a response. When patients express
positive feelings, do not presume that there is nothing troubling
them. Instead, modify the T (trouble) question
appropriately. Remember that it is not the health care worker's
job to fix the patients' problems, only to provide support &
clarification. There are very few contraindications for using BATHE
except for ones shown in
Table 3:6
- Reasons Not to Use the BATHE Technique FOLLOW-UP - When a psychosocial problem is
uncovered, the health care provider can proceed with the physical
examination to rule out organic problems & then ask the patient to
return to discuss the situation further. When serious problems
emerge, referral to a mental health specialist should be discussed.
It is important, however, that both patient & physician are in
accord that a problem exists & a follow-up visit to the physician
is beneficial. When the patient returns, the opening BATHE question
becomes 'Tell me what's been happening since I saw you.'
For further information and additional techniques, see: The 15
Minute Hour.1 "(Dr.
Lieberman recommends parents NOT question but
rather ask teen for an opinion,
for best communication/results.)
Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology
- Book by: Schatzberg M.D.;
Cole, M.D.; & DeBattista, M.D.
Kenneth McAll MD (Psychiatrist in England)
- A Guide to Healing the Family Treewww.marianland.com
McHugh, Dr Paul (professor of psychiatry
at John Hopkins University) The Mind Has Mountains -
http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/8960.html McHugh opposes
physician-assisted suicide,
sex-correction surgery for
newborns, + takes a hard stance against traditional treatment of 'recovered
memory,' 'sexual reassignment,' 'multiple personality disorder,'
'physician-assisted suicide,' 'Vietnam-specific post traumatic stress
syndrome'.
President George Bush appointed McHugh to sit on Presidential Council
on Bioethics.
US Conference of Catholic Bishops selected McHugh to be on their National
Review Board
for elimination of sexual abuse of children by clergy.
Part 4Treating the Mind as Well as the Brain explains how the DSM-4,
of the APA used by insurers for billing, contends that psychiatric problems
are biological. Rebel revisionists want to add another category
called relational disorders, which would be treated mostly by therapy rather
than mostly medicine.
[Note.
This 2006 book came out just prior
to (or at same time as) revision/update of DSM.]
Orthomolecular Medicine for Physicians Book by: Psychiatrist Abram Hoffer
www.a1books.com
-
Peck, ScottPeople of the Lie
Simon & Schuster publishers -
Psychiatrist Peck shares
evidence that evil spirits exist
& harm individuals.
However, he does not explain
how to rid ourselves of evil or how to protect ourselves from evil.
Physician magazine free for Christian
physicians
www.family.org
Physicians Desk Reference for Mental Health Drug Guide Fax
1-515-284-6414
Psychiatric Services in Jails & Prisons
www.appi.org
Psychiatric Side Effects of Prescriptions & Over the Counter
Medications (CD-Rom available for Mac & IBM) -
Book by Brown & Stoudemire, MDs
www.appi.org/cat2k/8868.html
Psychotropic Drug Handbook by Alexander & Liskow
Psychosomatics Journal editorial
Psychiatry & Law for Clinicians by Robert Simon, M.D.
www.appi.org
Psychosomatics Journal editorial
The Psychiatrist in Court by Thomas G. Gutheil, M.D.
www.appi.org
Psychosis @
A new (conventional) guide
for pediatricians outlined
the signs & symptoms to look
for when identifyingpsychosis
in adolescents.
(Pediatrics)
5/26/2021
Schizophrenia
@
The FDA granted breakthrough
therapy designation to the
investigationalnovel
glycine transporter-1
inhibitor,
BI 425809, for the
treatment of cognitive
impairment associated with
schizophrenia, based on the
CONNEX phase III clinical
program, Boehringer
Ingelheim announced.
(Always delay use of NEW
drugs.) 5/26/2021
Townsend, Mary C - Nursing Diagnoses in
Psychiatric Nursing - a pocket guide for care plan construction -
with DSM APA disorder insurance numerical codes/classifications -
http://kiselevaev.com/jyla3056.pdf download
Sight Unseen novel by Kaye Gibbons'
Recollections of her bi-polar mother -
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry -
http://www.psychiatrist.com/pastppp/tocnow.asp
Physicians Postgraduate Press - CME - Office of Continuing Medical Ed, PO
Box 752870, Memphis, TN 38175-2870 - correspondence classes
http://files.differencebetween.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Difference-Between-Nicotinic-and-Muscarinic-Receptors.pdf
- Different
neurotransmitters are
involved in nervous
transmission.
Acetylcholine is 1 of a
neurotransmitter involved in
the nervous system.
There are 2 main types of
receptors in which
acetylcholine acts based on
the agonist. The 2 main
acetylcholine receptors are
Nicotinic Receptors &
Muscarinic receptors.
Acetylcholine binds to these
receptors & transmits the
signals via these receptors.
Nicotinic receptors are the
acetylcholine receptors in which
the agonist is nicotine & are
ligand-gated ion channels.
Muscarinic receptors are the
acetylcholine receptors in which
muscarine acts as the agonist &
are G protein-coupled receptors. The key difference between
nicotinic &
muscarinic receptors is that Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion
channels, whereas Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors.
Manual of Clinical Psychopharmacology
- Book by: Schatzberg M.D.;
Cole, M.D. & DeBattista, M.D.
Kenneth McAll MD (Psychiatrist in England)
- A Guide to Healing the Family Treewww.marianland.com
McHugh, Dr Paul (professor of psychiatry
at John Hopkins University) The Mind Has Mountains -
http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/8960.html McHugh opposes
physician-assisted suicide,
sex-correction surgery for
newborns + takes a hard stance against traditional treatment of 'recovered
memory,' 'sexual reassignment,' 'multiple personality disorder,'
'physician-assisted suicide,' 'Vietnam-specific post traumatic stress
syndrome'.
President George Bush appointed McHugh to sit on Presidential Council
on Bioethics.
US Conference of Catholic Bishops selected McHugh to be on their National
Review Board
for elimination of sexual abuse of children by clergy.
Part 4Treating the Mind as Well as the Brain explains how the DSM-4,
of the APA used by insurers for billing, contends that psychiatric problems
are biological. Rebel revisionists want to add another category
called relational disorders, which would be treated mostly by therapy rather
than mostly medicine.
[Note.
This 2006 book came out just prior
to (or at same time as) revision/update of DSM.]
Peck, ScottPeople of the Lie
Simon & Schuster publishers -
Psychiatrist Peck shares
evidence that evil spirits exist
& harm individuals.
However, he does NOT explain
how to rid ourselves of evil or how to protect ourselves from evil.
Physician magazine free for Christian
physicians
www.family.org
Physicians Desk Reference for Mental Health Drug Guide Fax
1-515-284-6414
Psychiatric Services in Jails & Prisons
www.appi.org
Psychiatric Side Effects of Prescriptions & Over the Counter
Medications (CD-Rom available for Mac & IBM) -
Book by Brown & Stoudemire, MDs
www.appi.org/cat2k/8868.html
Psychotropic Drug Handbook by Alexander & Liskow
Psychosomatics Journal editorial
Psychiatry & Law for Clinicians by Robert Simon, M.D.
www.appi.org
Psychosomatics Journal editorial
The Psychiatrist in Court by Thomas G. Gutheil, M.D.
www.appi.org
Townsend, Mary C - Nursing Diagnoses in
Psychiatric Nursing - a pocket guide for care plan construction -
with DSM APA disorder insurance numerical codes/classifications -
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry @
http://www.psychiatrist.com/pastppp/tocnow.asp
Physicians Post-graduate Press - CME - Office of Continuing Medical Ed, PO
Box 752870, Memphis, TN 38175-2870 - correspondence classes
http://files.differencebetween.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Difference-Between-Nicotinic-and-Muscarinic-Receptors.pdf
- Different neurotransmitters
are involved in nervous
transmission. Acetylcholine
is 1 of a neurotransmitter
involved in the nervous
system. There are 2 main
types of receptors in which
acetylcholine acts based on
the agonist. The 2 main
acetylcholine receptors are
Nicotinic Receptors &
Muscarinic receptors.
Acetylcholine binds to these
receptors & transmits the
signals via these receptors.
Nicotinic (nicotine) receptors are the
acetylcholine receptors in which
the agonist is nicotine & are
ligand-gated ion channels.
Muscarinic receptors are the
acetylcholine receptors in which
muscarine acts as the agonist &
are G protein-coupled receptors.
The key difference between
nicotinic &
muscarinic receptors is that Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion
channels, whereas Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors.
Neuromodulatory - Acetylcholine & Dopamine
- biochemistry -
(Abram Hoffer did much
research in this area.)
http://www.translationalneuromodeling.org/uploads/DA_ACh_inter_20140509.pdf
(Smoking can help offset some
of the psychiatric issues or
maybe the meds, which
compete for the physical
serotonin receptors.)